{"id":4586,"date":"2026-10-22T12:08:25","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T12:08:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eoliann.com\/?p=4586"},"modified":"2026-10-22T12:08:25","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T12:08:25","slug":"physical-and-transition-risks-under-the-csrd-what-changes-for-companies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.eoliann.com\/en\/physical-and-transition-risks-under-the-csrd-what-changes-for-companies\/","title":{"rendered":"Physical and transition risks under the CSRD: what changes for companies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Physical risks<\/strong> refer both to threats arising from acute and chronic climate events affecting company assets (under the CSRD), and to physical agents that threaten workers\u2019 health in the workplace (under Legislative Decree 81\/08).<\/p>\n<p>For those managing electricity grids, motorways, railways and telecommunications nodes, the two meanings converge on the same asset. An extreme event affecting a substation or a section of a network puts the infrastructure, the service and the teams called upon to restore it at risk.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>CSRD requires physical risks to be reported alongside transition risks<\/strong>, which arise from the shift towards a low-emissions economy. For critical infrastructure operators, this reporting informs governance, maintenance and <strong>investment plans<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In this article, we will explore:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Defining physical risks: the convergence of operational safety and CSRD regulation<\/li>\n<li>Physical and transition risks within the ESG framework: what changes for governance<\/li>\n<li>Assessing climate risks in critical infrastructure and operational continuity<\/li>\n<li>Integrating climate resilience and operational continuity into industrial and CAPEX plans<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Defining physical risks: the convergence of operational safety and CSRD regulation<\/h2>\n<p>In business terminology, <strong>physical risks<\/strong> belong to two distinct regulatory frameworks: Legislative Decree 81\/08 addresses workers\u2019 <strong>health and safety<\/strong>, while the CSRD addresses the effects of <strong>climate change on company assets<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Title VIII of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.normattiva.it\/uri\/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2008-04-09;81\">Legislative Decree 81\/08<\/a> governs personnel exposure to agents such as noise, mechanical vibrations, electromagnetic fields, artificial optical radiation and microclimate conditions.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2022\/2464\/oj?locale=it\">Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), Directive (EU) 2022\/2464<\/a>, instead addresses physical climate risks that can damage facilities and networks or disrupt their operation. It is one of the pillars of European <strong>ESG regulation<\/strong>, alongside the EU Taxonomy and the European Climate Law.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Microclimate is the most evident point of contact between the two areas.<\/strong> A heatwave that overloads an electrical substation forces maintenance teams to work outdoors in extreme thermal conditions, precisely when the facility requires urgent intervention.<\/p>\n<p>Preventing climate risks affecting assets therefore also reduces emergencies in which personnel work under thermal stress.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Protecting infrastructure becomes a condition for ensuring the safety of those who manage it.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>Physical and transition risks within the ESG framework: what changes for governance<\/h2>\n<p>The distinction between <strong>physical and transition risks<\/strong> is the basis of <strong>ESRS E1, the CSRD standard dedicated to climate change<\/strong>. Companies must identify both categories, assess their materiality and describe their expected financial effects.<\/p>\n<p>The classification of climate hazards comes from the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2020\/852\/oj?locale=it\">European Taxonomy, Regulation (EU) 2020\/852<\/a>. Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021\/2139, adopted under the Taxonomy, groups hazards into four families (temperature, wind, water and solid mass) and distinguishes acute from chronic phenomena within each family.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The two types of physical risk are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acute risks \u2192 sudden and intense events such as floods, wildfires, windstorms and landslides, which can damage assets within a few hours.<\/li>\n<li>Chronic risks \u2192 gradual changes such as rising average temperatures, water stress and sea-level rise, which progressively reduce infrastructure performance and useful life.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Transition risks are linked to changes in rules, technologies and markets accompanying the shift towards a low-carbon economy. <strong>For an infrastructure operator, they translate into:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Political and legal risks \u2192 new reporting, adaptation and emissions-reduction obligations, such as those introduced by the Fit for 55 package.<\/li>\n<li>Technological risks \u2192 investments needed to electrify consumption and transport, integrate renewable energy sources and replace obsolete components.<\/li>\n<li>Market risks \u2192 changes in demand and the costs of energy, materials and insurance coverage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The CSRD applies the principle of <strong>double materiality<\/strong> to both categories. The company assesses the impact of its activities on the environment and people (impact materiality) and, in parallel, the effects of climate and the transition on its financial performance (financial materiality).<\/p>\n<p>For governance, this means <strong>bringing climate risks into assessments<\/strong> by the board of directors and into industrial plans, with information subject to auditor assurance.<\/p>\n<p>Under <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2026\/470\/oj?locale=it\">Directive (EU) 2026\/470<\/a>, in force since 18 March 2026, reporting obligations focus on companies with more than 1,000 employees and net turnover exceeding \u20ac450 million. For large infrastructure operators that exceed these thresholds, climate risk reporting remains mandatory.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>When uncertainty is the rule, resilience must be a systemic choice: a forward-looking strategy grounded in scientific evidence.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>Assessing climate risks in critical infrastructure and operational continuity<\/h2>\n<p>Climate risk assessment for linear infrastructure must cover the entire network.<\/p>\n<p>A power line, railway line or motorway can cross hundreds of kilometres of territory exposed to different hazards. <strong>Damage to a single segment can propagate along network connections.<\/strong> A damaged node can disrupt an entire area and generate cascading service interruptions across connected infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Let\u2019s look at two concrete examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Extreme wind gusts bring down trees onto a DSO\u2019s (Distribution System Operator\u2019s) medium-voltage overhead lines, interrupting electricity supply to all the municipalities served by the same feeder. Maintenance teams must intervene in adverse weather conditions, which extend restoration times and therefore the duration of the disruption.<\/li>\n<li>A wildfire develops along the route of an overhead transmission line, forcing the TSO (Transmission System Operator) to de-energise it. The load shifts to nearby lines, and the operator must redistribute energy flows to maintain service continuity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To compare such different scenarios, <strong>the assessment must combine hazard, exposure and vulnerability for each network segment<\/strong>. This reveals the sections and critical assets where risk is concentrated, both today and under future climate scenarios.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eoliann.com\/en\/airis\/\">Airis<\/a>, Eoliann\u2019s platform, performs this analysis on point assets and linear infrastructure. It combines satellite data, artificial intelligence and scientific models to estimate the probability, intensity and physical and economic impact of extreme wind, wildfires, floods and landslides, with projections up to 2050.<\/p>\n<p>The same results support CSRD reporting and predictive maintenance.<\/p>\n<p>Returning to the examples, a DSO can schedule vegetation clearance along feeders most exposed to wind, while a TSO can plan interventions on lines crossing areas at high risk of wildfire.<\/p>\n<h2>Integrating climate resilience and operational continuity into industrial and CAPEX plans<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Climate resilience and operational continuity create value when they become part of investment planning.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>An expected loss estimate, meaning the average expected economic loss for an asset or network section, makes it possible to compare the cost of a preventive intervention with the cost of the damage and service disruptions it avoids.<\/p>\n<p><strong>For CFOs and Risk Managers, predictive data become the basis for justifying budget decisions<\/strong> to the board of directors and institutional investors. The same analyses document how the company manages physical and transition risks.<\/p>\n<p>Reporting based on scientific data limits exposure to administrative penalties for non-compliant disclosures, while preventive interventions reduce material damage.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The benefits for the company concern both investment and management:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduction of expected losses<\/li>\n<li>CAPEX optimisation<\/li>\n<li>OPEX containment<\/li>\n<li>Service continuity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Achieving these benefits requires risk estimates calculated for each individual asset and network section, expressed in economic values that can be compared with the cost of interventions.<\/p>\n<p>Book a personalised Airis demo and discover how to turn climate risk into operational decisions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"eoliann-cta-wrapper\"><a class=\"eoliann-cta-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eoliann.com\/en\/book-a-demo\/\">Book a demo<\/a><\/div>\n<h2>FAQ<\/h2>\n<h3>What is the difference between physical and transition risks under the CSRD?<\/h3>\n<p>Physical risks arise directly from the material impacts of climate change on company assets, such as floods or heatwaves. Transition risks, on the other hand, arise from the shift towards a low-carbon economy and include regulatory changes, technological developments, and reputational or market dynamics.<\/p>\n<h3>How do physical risks under Legislative Decree 81\/08 relate to corporate climate resilience?<\/h3>\n<p>Although Legislative Decree 81\/08 focuses on protecting workers (e.g. exposure to extreme temperatures or noise), the CSRD requires companies to assess the impact of climate change on their assets. If infrastructure is not resilient, restoration work under extreme weather conditions directly exposes personnel to higher occupational physical risks, bringing the two areas of protection together.<\/p>\n<h3>How do artificial intelligence and satellite data help assess physical risks?<\/h3>\n<p>Through geospatial data platforms such as Eoliann\u2019s Airis, mathematical and climate models can be combined to calculate the probability, intensity and potential economic impacts of extreme climate events on individual nodes within an infrastructure network, making it possible to plan preventive maintenance and strategically allocate CAPEX.<\/p>\n<h3>Which physical risks affect linear infrastructure?<\/h3>\n<p>Floods, landslides, wildfires, extreme wind and heatwaves affect different sections of power lines, railways and roads in different ways. Risk assessment therefore analyses each section and strategic node, because a local interruption can halt service across the entire network.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Physical risks refer both to threats arising from acute and chronic climate events affecting company assets (under the CSRD), and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4585,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4586","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-insights"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Physical and Transition Risks under CSRD for Companies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The CSRD regulatory and operational framework for 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